[Reading 3] what is relation between politics and globalization?

 [summary]

In this reading, I could learn about political globalization in various dimensions. Here, the reading revolves around the space and borders of globalization. In political globalization, globalization refers to the organization of multi-dimensional and interconnected spaces across borders. Political globalization emphasizes the decline of ethnic states and the development of transnational networks under the influence of global power. As many countries were connected and re-territorialized, the process of Decentralization took place. The ethnicity among people within one border has been weakened. It opened up new possibilities for someone, but also brought about the loss of autonomy and division of the world community. Political globalization can be understood in three dimensions: world geopolitics, world normative culture, and pluralistic networks. One of the most common forms of political globalization is the spread of democracy based on ethnic states. Democracy exists in different forms in most countries, But some countries still keep communist. Democracy was universally accepted after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the European communist regime after 1991. Ethnic countries around the world represented very different political cultures. Although the United States has emerged as a powerhouse by adopting democracy, which has become the foundation of the New World order, it has been challenged by other power forces.

There are also discussions on the global normative culture through political globalization. Concerns about human rights and environmental issues are mainly raised in global political communication from the perspective of political globalization. Political communication and popular culture are no longer limited to borders, but across the globe. In addition, the process will lay the foundation for the global norm culture. The sovereignty of the state has caused tension between ethnicity and individuality due to individual rights. Now, norms exist in global relationships beyond countries. Normative culture provides a direction for the nation.

There is a view that  influential and powerful countries such as United states spread global geopolitics. It cannot reduce to the level of small, little relevance countries. It is called a polycentric network and is a form of non-legal politics that cannot be reduced to a single centre. This political globalization process is related to the flow and mobility of the network. These polycentric networks are also associated with global government. 

Global civil society refers to the political sphere between the countries and markets in which informal politics is currently held. There are organizations such as INGO, anti-sweet shop, and these civil society takes the form of democracy. A global civil society exists around the world through a multilateral and horizontally connected network, not limited to a single border.

Political globalization can strengthen democracy but can also divide it. In the relationship between nationality and civil rights and political globalization, democracy countries continue to transform. According to Sorensen, states exist powerful actors but the same time they can't control the area world. The transition to a global economy is a challenge for countries because they are pushed out by the global market. The country should share its sovereignty with other global participants and non-governmental activists to achieve polycentric governance. This leaves the question of whether the nation is weakening or getting stronger as a result of global power. The movement toward transnational authority allows the national system to move more functionally. The state has always had a regulatory function. The difference is that these functions are performed at a transnational level through cooperation and communication with other countries. Globalization revolves around global capitalism, making it impossible for countries to become independent.

The nation is changing in response to globalization, and the crisis of the ethnic nation arise from the change in nationality. The separation of nationality and citizenship is because the boundaries between national and international law have become blurred due to the influence of the global normative culture. Especially in EU, it has become difficult to resist international law. As a result, migrants were able to appeal to international law and the International Court of Justice became more influential. Civil rights now do not fully reflect the rights of nationalities. EU countries launched a new nationalism movement, each divided into two parts according to different base.

Communication is the center of politics in the relationship between political globalization. Ethnic countries are based on a wide range of centralized communication systems and standardized national languages, such as pop culture. Habermas defined the public sphere, and his theory of divisive democracy reinvigorated it. The world's public can be seen as having a political communication framework in the public sphere while communicating many discourse such as human rights, environmental issues, and health.

Civil society represents the political potential of globalization. Keane defines civil society as an area of social activity that is legally recognized and guaranteed by the state.  Civilization of politics means a form of politics that mobilizes actors of various nationalities, focusing on various common political codes. The national and social distinctions inspired by governance turns disappeared. and between global and regional political forms  connectivity increased. Civilization has been included in international relations, and ethnic countries increasingly attract global civil society actors. It indicates that the importance of civil society can be resisted against capitalism or American hegemony. It reveals tension between a nationally composed civil society and a global civil society that is the main driver of political globalization. It includes a wide range of political activities depending on how civil society is defined. In addition, civil society insist on the need of checks and balances, and totalitarianism implies the extinction of civil society. In general, civil society is agreed upon as an NGO-led political movement, transnational movement and network complex. It is force for good and has responsibility working for democracy, individual freedom and human rights. global civil society comprises organizations such as Greenpeace, Médecins sans Frontiers, the international women’s movement and the World Social Forum.  With national norms becoming common and national connectivity increasing, civil society has been creating new communities with interest in new areas across borders.The growth of the global civil society is an increase in exchanges between domestic and international politics.

A borderless world is related to globalization. We live in a world where connectivity has increased. While relocating ethnic states, it makes individuals recognize the social and transnational states as being derived from new and globalization. While relocating ethnic states, it makes individuals recognize the social and transnational states as being derived from new and globalization. As a result of globalization, re-designing politics is largely reexamining the role and meaning of boundaries and spaces in political building. The concept of spatial transition is an increasing interest in the process in which social and political relationships are formed. The territorial boundaries became blurred, and the political forms without possession of territories, centers and origins stimulated the concept of spatial transition. Castells said that a network society consists of a space of flow. on the other hand, Beck understands political globalization in the relationship between space and borders. he argues that globalization comes from within society. As a result, the generalization of nationally included democratic models, the initiation of world normative culture, and civilization of governance structures exist in complex and contradictory relationships. Democracy is an indica tor of a single country joining the global community. In addition, the global normative culture served as a medium for individuals to pursue the world. It also opened the possibility of an internationalist group that human needs precede the demands of democracy and the perception that they live in a global dangerous society. Finally, polycentric networks have  created new opportunities for autonomy with the development of global civil society. However, what should be noted here is that global civil society actors are not always good. In the absence of autonomy and accountability, we can easily network and join terrorists and drug dealers.

[Interesting]

There were not many opportunities to think about the political perspective of globalization. I have been interested in cultural perspectives of globalization and have encountered them because they are a topic that deals with a lot of things like news and class ect. but the contents of this reading were difficult because the political perspective was unfamiliar. However, it was good to study political globalization through the analysis of scholars from three different perspectives. One of the most interesting things was about civil society. Usually, civil society reminds me of Greenpeace and NGO, as shown in the examples in the text, but there are also negative aspects. According to Rumford, it called a "dark-side" which was a fresh perspective that criminal activities could also be global, resulting in greater crime and terrorist organizations. It was also interesting that democracy generally spreads elite and authoritarian things. I don't think I have a good point of view from the perspective of small countries. I should also remember that democracy has developed and revived many things, but brought about deficits.

[Discussion]

In terms of the polycentric network of political globalization, it was said that globalization was implemented centered on powerful countries and could not be reduced to a single center. However, I don't think that the political globalization centered on the superpowers has created a global social norm that the world agrees on. Even if it cannot be reduced to a smaller dimension, it should fully consider the perspective of a country like a developing country. In the end, it can become a strong nation both culturally and politically. Discussions on globalization always seem to have this issue. How can political communication flow in such a way as to achieve consensus in all societies? Another one is mentioned above about the negative aspects of civil society. When civil society is expressed in a negative aspect, it becomes a much more complicated issue than an incident in a single country. because various nationalities people  are involved, and each country has different laws on crime. Of course, it would be best not to have this negative civil society, but if it does, let's talk about how we can solve it and how we can prevent it.