Reading3) “What is the relation between politics and globalization?”

 [Summary]

Political globalization is about an approach to the social world that emphasizes post-national and transnational processes. Political globalization has emphasized the decline of ethnic states, created transnational networks, and created various kinds of politics in the process of desertion. Thus, for some, political socialization comes to liberation, while for others it comes to loss of autonomy and division.

 

The most common form of political globalization is the spread of democracy. Democracy based on parliamentary ethnicity spread throughout the world. There is a desire for democratic movements in places where democratic governments are not in power like China. The spread of democracy is a kind of territorial globalization that is mainly confined to the political form of a nation-state.

 

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the end of the European communist regime, democracy became a universally accepted form of politics. Globalization has made democracy acceptable to the world. In addition, the globalization of democratic politics is related to American hegemony. It has been linked to the justification of the U.S.-led global war from the Gulf War to the Iraq War.

 

The first dimension of political globalization is geopolitics of world power. The second dimension is the revival of the world's normative culture. The nation is no longer the subject of world norms. The world's normative culture exists beyond the national system and exists in relationships between countries. In addition, this normative culture provides a direction for countries and politicians.

This process of political globalization is associated with new sources of network, flow, mobility and communication, and represents new relationships between individuals, countries, and society. The network is also associated with a new type of global government represented by the United Nations.

 

The United Nations is based on ethnicity, but it is also related to the concept of civil society. Civil society has emerged around various social movements such as anti-capitalist protests and terrorist movements, such as NGO. The characteristic of this global civil society is that there is a lot of space. It is organized around the world around a network of horizontal activists. It exists with the state and is affecting the geopolitical world in the direction of multilateralism and global solidarity.

 

Political globalization is not directed toward a global society, but toward transnational political action that challenges neo-liberalistic politics. Globalization can strengthen democracy, but it can also divide democracy. The author reviews political globalization based on the changes in nationality and citizenship, public domain and political communication, civil society, space and borders, and four examples of social transformation.

 

The first example is the change in nationality and citizenship. Ethnic countries are constantly changing under the condition of economic globalization. Countries have been pushed out by global markets, and new economic forces are challenging the nation's power. Therefore, most countries are trying to control companies, not fight over other countries' territorial rights. As a result, global forces emerge and transnationalization occurs.

 

A representative example of transnationalization is the EU. The transnationalization in Europe is more visible in terms of regulation than in the birth of a new national system against ethnic states. The EU has a number of independent regulatory bodies, including the environment, drugs, aviation, food and internal markets. Of course, the state also had this regulatory function, but recently it has been implemented at a transnational level. Many functions of a country are connected at a transnational level.

 

Thus, the boundaries between national and international law became blurred, resulting in the separation of nationality and citizenship. Immigrants have been able to appeal to international law and no longer exclude them based on their nationality. The state has been partially transnationalized, and its effects are sometimes tarnished, but on the contrary, the state is strengthened. Therefore, many countries are now formed by more globalization.

 

The second example is about communication. The world's public is contextualizing political communication and public discourse today. This is done through global communication, creating many public discourse on human rights, the environment, health and security. Global normative culture plays a leading role in forming political communication. This global communication has a significant impact on the global civil society as well.

 

The third example is about civil society. Civilization of politics resulted from the increasing connection between global and regional political forms. Civilization has permeated international relations, and ethnic countries are increasingly mobilizing global civil society actors and competing with global public power. However, it is not right to view the global civil society as a collection of existing national civil society. Because the global civil society is based on non-territorial political imagination.

 

The fourth example is border changes. A world without borders has long been associated with globalization. Just like the words that we commonly use around the world. Border changes play a role in relocating ethnic states while also recognizing society and transnational states as being derived from new and globalization. We are now in a situation where we have to rethink space and borders beyond the Earth.

 

[Interesting Point]

What was interesting about this article was that transnationalization appeared not to be a territorial dispute between countries but to check on new economic forces. In the meantime, I simply thought that the political system was globalized by the hegemony competition between countries. However, after reading this article, I found out that I was only thinking in fragments.

 

[Discussion]

The part I want to discuss after reading this article is the last part of the article. The author says space and borders should be reconsidered in a global knowledge economy and a networked society. Then, I would like to talk about the role of the country and border in the future.