What is the relation between politics and globalization?

 #1

    Political globalization has been discussed on the decline of the nation-state under the impact of global force which have created processes of de- and reterritorialization. Political globalization can be understood as a tension between global geopolitics, global normative culture, and polycentric networks.

    For global geopolitics, the author gives an example of democracy. How democracy became the universal form government after the collapse of communism. For global normative culture, human rights and environmental concerns are the examples of it. Nowadays, a global normative culture has come into existence beyond the state system and exist in a relation of tension with states. Last, poly centric networks refers to forms of nonterritorial politics which emanate from a multiplicity of site and which cannot be reduced to a single center. 

   The author starts by questioning the assumption: political globalization is not leading in the direction of a new global order of governance or world society but to transnational political action which challenges neoliberal politics. Then he answers to this according to the following four examples of social transformation.

    First, the transformation of nationality and citizenship. The author give an example of Europeanization and explains about relation between nation-state and transnationalization in Europe. It is opt to perceive that transnationalization leads to the demise of nation-state. However, in case of Europeanization, it enhances the power of nation-state. It is true that the nation-state lose their sovereignty, but that does not lead to the loss of autonomy. European Union works on fields such as environment, drugs, and etc at a transnational level through cooperation with states, that nation-state as itself cannot do. 

    Second, the transformation of the public sphere and communication. Here, the author brings Habermas's article then explains that communication is an open site of political and cultural contestation. It is not formed by the states nor controlled by elites of political communication. The public sphere is the site of politics. It is not just a spatial place but a process of discursive contestation. The author suggests that global normative culture is leading part in shaping political communication. Thus global normative culture is diffused in various ways within public spheres. 

    Third, the centrality of civil society. The author uses the term 'civil societalization' of politics. 'Civil societalization' of politics signifies a commonality of political forms that link the local and global, the national and transnational. Global civil society can be referred to a complex of NGO-led political campaigns or trans-border social movements that address issue of global concern. The author describes the divided opinions on the global civil society and irony of it. However, consequently, the centrality of global civil society leads to the construction of mechanism of poly centric governance. Also, it encourages individuals to see themselves as a cosmopolitan individuals with natural rights.

    Last, transformation of spaces and borders. The author explains this term with two key spatial dynamics. First, space of flows by Castells. The space of flows refers to 'social practices without geographical contiguity'. According to Castells, the network society rely on a space of flows, and it has caused the decline of industrial society, which relies on space of places. Second, 'cosmopolitanization' by Beck. According to Beck, the nature of state and society is undergoing change as a result of globalization and the meaning of inside/outside, and domestic/foreign has changed. 

#2 

    It was interesting to read about political globalization supported with four different examples of transformations. I've never deeply thought about European Union and European nations, but after reading this I learned that as an union, it can handle various issues in a transnational level. Also, the last paragraph where the author explains about spaces and borders according to Castells and Beck's words provided me a different view to see 'space'.

#3

    When I read the part about European Union and nation-state, I thought of Brexit. I thought it would be interesting to discuss about the United Kingdom leaving European Union in this world. The tension between remaining as one of the biggest functional component of this transnational apparatus, or becoming one single nation-state which could be risky.

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